TRAINING REPORT ON RESIDENTIAL BUILDING !!!!

Posted by : Saurabh Gupta Tuesday, August 6, 2013

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT ON …….

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Presented by

SAURABH GUPTA

BE CIVIL 7th Sem

Outline

•Introduction

•Role of site engineer

•Layouts

•Footing design

•Plinth design

•Walls

•Frames , doors , windows

•Lintel

•Slab

•Paints

A building is consists of many structural components. Generally, structural components are divided into two categories-

i) Sub structure and

ii) Super structure

Sub structure:

The structure below ground level is called sub structure. Sub structure can also be divided into two parts- a) Foundation and b) Plinth

Foundation:

The most lower part of the building. The main function of the foundation is to transfer load to sub soil. It is the most important part of structure. Most of the failure of a structure may happen due to foundation failure. Foundation should be strong enough to meet the following requirements-

It should be strong enough to distribute the load to sub soil.

It is capable to support structure.

Plinth:

The part between surrounding ground level and ground floor of the building is called plinth. The purposes of the plinth are-

Transfer the incoming load from super structure to the foundation.

Provide damp prove to the building

Support the back filling as a retaining wall. Plinth also increases the esthetical look of the building.

Keep in mind that, sometimes, plinth isn't considered as sub structure and count it as an individual part of a structure.

Super structure:

The part above plinth level is called super structure. Super structure contains many other structural components. Such as-

Wall

Floor/Slab

Lintel & sunshade

Step & stair

Roof

Wall: Wall is used to separate the usable area of floor for different purpose. Such as bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living etc. Other prime purpose of wall is to provide privacy and security.

Floor: The main purpose of floor is to provide better living space and support of occupants, furniture and other equipment of a building. The purpose of making different floor in different level of a building is to create more accommodation within limited space. Floor should be strong, durable, damp prove and heat protected.

Lintel & Sunshade: Lintel is provided for the purpose of supporting wall above door or window opening. Sunshade is generally combined with lintel above window opening to protect rain & sun.

Step & Stair: Stair is made for easy communication among various floors of a building. Stair consists of steps. steps height should be comfortable enough for vertical movement.

Roof: The top most part of a building is the roof. Roof is build for the purpose of enclosing and protect the living area/floor area from weather effect. Roof should be stable, durable and weather resistant.

There are also others structural parts of a building. Such as water tank, septic tank and parapet etc. Septic tank and under ground water tank is completely separate structural part and not included in building structure. But, parapet and overhead water tank are parts of building structure.

Role of engineer at site :-

•

•Common sense and the ability to reason.

•Knowledge of what a particular construction is designed to do.

•A general understanding of how process equipment is maintained and operated.

•Ability to generate a safe ,comprehensive layout within a specified time and with consideration toward constructability and cost-effectiveness.

•Creativity.

•Ability to resolve unclear or questionable data.

•Willingness to compromise in the best interest of the project.

•Ability to generate clear and concise documents.

•Ability to defend designs when challenged.

Layouts

The layout of your home is probably one of the most significant choices you will ever make regarding your home. Regardless if you live in an apartment, a condominium or a house, the layout of the rooms and how they flow will largely depend on your lifestyle. Whether you prefer single story or multiple stories, and all the bedrooms on the top floor – choosing a perfect plan can be stressful.

It contain the following factors:

•Reliability

•Privacy

•Functionality

•Economy

•Vaastu

•Plot shape and area

A simple layout may clearify your doubts

While layouting :-

•

•Rectangular plot is said to good for residential building.

•Take reference of predefined object like road or nearby house for proper alignment of plot.

•It should be kept in mind the marking for footing n whole layouting will done in same day only other wise it increases error.

•Human error must be avoided.

•Excavation work will start only after approval of project engineer.

FOOTING :-

Now the question arises what will be the footing ?

What type of foundationis required ?

The answer we all know let us revise –

•Types of soil

•Total load applied

•Climatic condition

•Near by structure

•Topography

•Ground water level

DESIGN OF PLINTH :-

Plinth beams resting on brick masonry having brick footings is always a helpful
in respect of following:

i) Plinth beams needs to be designed only for EQ/wind and the vertical loading
will be carried throgh brick footings

ii) The brick masonry having footings act as shear walls for taking care of EQ forces
(benefit in column design can be taken)

iii)Load on columns and their footings is less as GF walls weight is directly on ground
as per (i)

iv)Brick footings requirements is bare minimum and also, foundation depth for brick footings can be shallower than main columns

v) Brick footings help to take care of unequal settlements

Advantages are of manifold nature vis-a vis additional construction of brick footings and is justifiable

Walls :-

In brick masonry, there are many techniques to stack bricks. These different arrangements are known as bricks bonds. Each bond has its own characteristics. Following are the commonly used bricks bonds.

•Stretcher Bond

•English Bond

•Flemish Bond

•Common/American/English Garden Wall Bond

•Flemish Garden Wall Bond

•Herringbone Bond

1. Stretcher Bond

•Easiest bond to lay & it minimizes the amount of cutting required.

•Originally used for single brick walls.

•It is used for cavity walls as less cutting is required.

•Walls are half brick wide.

•No two adjacent vertical joints should be in line.

2. English Bond

•Alternative courses of headers and stretchers.

•One header placed centrally above each stretcher.

•This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick (or more thicker).

•One of the strongest brickwork patterns.

3. Flemish Bond

•Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in every course.

•Each header is placed centrally between the stretcher immediately above and below. This is not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick .

•It can be successfully applied in cavity wall.

4. Common/American/English Garden Wall Bond

•A pattern made like Stretcher bond but with a row of headers replacing every nth course (n is usually odd).

5. Flemish Garden Wall Bond

•In this variant of Flemish bond, one header is placed at every third stretcher.

6. Herringbone Bond

•It is a purely decorative bond. It is used in floor and wall panels.

Qualities of good brick work

1.Aesthetic Appearance: Shape

2.Durability: Strength and lasting power

3.Resistance to Rain Penetration

4.Compressive Strength

5.Fire Resistance

6.Sound Insulation

7.Low thermal and moisture Movement

8.Economy

9.Versatility in Application

10.Low maintenance Requirements

LINTEL

Lintel can be a load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows, and fireplaces.

The types of lintels design and manufacture are as follows:

Curved Lintels - Curved lintel sections do not conform in shape due to different manufacturing techniques used.

Cavity Wall Lintels - Harvey lintels manufacture cavity wall lintels for any project. Use the lintel type selection menu above to choose the right lintel for your needs.

Corner Lintels and Posts - Whatever the corner Harvey can supply a lintel and/or post.

Freature Brick Lintels - allows the face brick to be exposed on the underside and can be incorporated in all arched lintels and any straight lintels

Lintels Using Standard Steel Sections - We manufacture a full range of lintels utilizing steel sections. If you need a steel section and support for the outer brick and an insulated cavity just ask.

Lintels with windpost connection - We supply a full range of wind posts, manufactured from Stainless and Galvanised steel.

Solid Wall Lintels - Internal, Box, Angle and Channel - Harvey lintels manufacture Solid Wall lintels for any project.

Timber Frame Lintels - Harvey lintels manufacture lintels for use with timber frames to any specification.

Outer Leaf Lintels - Whatever the outer leaf, Harvey can supply a lintel.

Eave Lintels - Harvey lintels can manufacture lintels for any Eave.

Arch Lintels - Our design system is almost limitless and Arched Lintels can be manufactured for any span and for any type of wall construction.

Structural uses

In worldwide architecture of different eras and many cultures, a lintel has been an element of Post and lintel construction. Many different building materials have been used for lintels. A lintel is defined as a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports.

In classical western construction methods, defining lintel by its Merriam-Webster definition, a lintel is a load-bearing member and is placed over an entranceway. In ancient Western classical architecture the lintel, called an architrave, is a structural element that usually rested on stone pillars or stacked stone columns, over a portal or entranceway. An example from the Mycenaean Greece cultural period (c. 1600 BCE – c. 1100 BCE) is theTreasury of Atreus in Mycenae, Greece.

A lintel in a fireplace supports the chimney above the fireplace

SLAB

RCC slab can be various types depending on various criteria. Such as ribbed slab, flat slab, solid slab, continuous slab, simply supported slab etc. That is another topic. Today we are going to discuss the types of solid RCC slabs.

Types of Solid RCC Slab

RCC solid slabs are three types depending on design criteria.
One-way slab

Two-way slab

Cantilever slab

One-way slab – When can we called a solid slab one-way slab? If a solid RCC slab meets the following criteria then we can call that one-way slab -
The slab rests on two beams only,

The slab can be rested on four beams but the long-span of slab should be greater than two times of short-span. See the image below “One Way Slab”.

In one way slab, the main reinforcement should be along slab’s short direction.

Two-way slab – When a Solid RCC slab rests on four beams but long-span of slab is less than or equal to two times of short-span then we can call that slab a “two-way slab”. See Image below “Two-Way Slab”. In two-way slab, main reinforcement runs both in short and long direction and stay perpendicularly with one another.

Cantilever slab – Cantilever Slab has only one support at one end and other three ends are open. See the image below “Cantilever slab”. The main reinforcement of cantilever slab should be extended one and half times beyond its support.